The ‘5As’ and ‘5Rs’ methods proposed by Prochaska and Goldstein in 1991 were used 15.Īfter the first visit, four standardized telephone interventions were conducted by medical personnel at 1 week, and at 1, 3 and 6 months after the patient’s visit at the SC clinic 13. The nicotine dependence of each patient was assessed using the FTND score, a six-question survey with a score of 0 indicating no dependence, 1–3 low dependence, 4–6 moderate dependence, and 7–10 high dependence 14.īehavioral support was provided via 20 to 30 minutes of face-to-face SC counseling conducted by the medical staff at the first visit.
Patients were encouraged to participate in a CO concentration detector (Micro CO) test at their first assessment with CO scores of 0–6 ppm indicating non-smoking, 7–10 ppm light smoking, 11–72 ppm heavy smoking, and >72 ppm CO poisoning 13. For example, patients were asked ‘What is the reason for your decision to QS this time?, with responses: 1) knowing the hazards of smoking, 2) the family members required it, 3) decline in health, 4) knowing somebody sick due to smoking, 5) to avoid trouble in no-smoking places, 6) improve appearance, and 7) other. Using multiple choice questions, the reasons and motivations to QS were evaluated. Each patient’s daily smoking volume, years of smoking, attempts to quit, use of SC products, and start date for SC, were recorded. The patients’ health status was reported by the patients as good, fair, or poor. The questionnaire items are based on sociodemographic data (including sex, age, education level, and occupation). The roles of telephone follow-up and behavioral support in the process of SC were evaluated, and the level of success was analyzed.īaseline data were collected at the patients’ initial visit using the SC clinic questionnaire based on the guidelines for SC clinic practices 13. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the factors that predict successful SC in an SC clinic in inland China. In addition, the studies had focused on the factors influencing smokers’ success in QS that needs to be further explored. In Hunan, as elsewhere in inland provinces in China, there has been a lack of data regarding to evaluating the effectiveness of smoking cessation clinic interventions and factors that affect smoking cessation, which is not conducive to the development of smoking cessation clinics and the implementation of effective smoking cessation interventions.
Results of a prospective study in six Chinese cities showed that previous SC attempts, willingness to quit immediately and negative opinion of smoking, were factors that predicted making SC attempts, while older age, longer period of SC and willingness to quit immediately were independent predictors of SC success 11. In addition, the frequency and intensity of behavioral interventions have a strong dose-response relationship with the success rate of SC 6, and a telephone follow-up intervention can increase the SC rate 8.Ī number of studies have reported that men, older age, previous attempts to QS, lower Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) scores, greater motivation to QS, and more consultation sessions are factors related to successful SC 9, 10.
A meta-analysis reported that individuals provided with behavioral support for at least six months had a 40–80% increased chance of successfully quitting smoking 7. Behavioral support has been used as part of SC counseling and interventions in SC clinics are low-cost and could double an individual’s likelihood of quitting successfully 6. It has been reported that 19.8% of Chinese smokers have tried to QS in the past year however, most of these attempts failed due to the uncontrollable desire to smoke and nicotine withdrawal symptoms 2. The adult smoking cessation (SC) rate in China increased from 2010 (16.9%) to 2018 (20.1%), but it is still at a low level 2, 5. While it is beneficial for smokers to quit smoking at any age, the earlier a person quits, the greater the benefit 4. Therefore, quitting smoking (QS) is an important public health goal for China. Each year, more than one million people in China die due to smoking, and it is estimated that the number of deaths caused by tobacco will reach 3 million in the year 2050 3. The adult smoking rate in China is 26.6% (male: 50.2%, female: 2.1%) and the country has the most smokers in the world (approximately 308 million) 2. Smoking can lead to coronary heart disease, stroke, cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and other diseases in several organs 1.
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